AC three-phase induction motors are the most widely used motors. The slip ring and the commutator are not in contact with each other between the rotor and the stator, and the structure is simple, the operation is reliable, and the durability is durable. The AC induction motor has a wide power coverage and can be rotated up to 12000-15000 r/min. Air cooling or liquid cooling can be used, and the degree of freedom of cooling is high. Adaptable to the environment and able to achieve regenerative feedback braking. Compared with the same power DC motor, the quality is reduced by about half, the price is cheap, and the maintenance is convenient. The disadvantage of the AC three-phase induction motor is that the efficiency is low, the rotor is prone to heat, and it is necessary to ensure the cooling of the AC three-phase induction motor during high-speed operation, otherwise the motor may be damaged. The power factor of the AC three-phase induction motor is low, so that the input power factor of the variable frequency transformer device is also low, so a large-capacity variable frequency transformer device is required. The cost of the AC three-phase induction motor control system is much higher than that of the AC three-phase induction motor itself. In addition, the speed regulation performance of the AC three-phase induction motor is also poor.
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A permanent magnet brushless DC motor is a high performance motor. Its greatest feature is the external characteristics of the DC motor without the mechanical contact structure of the commutator and the brush. In addition, it uses a permanent magnet rotor with no excitation loss; the heat-generating armature winding is mounted on the outer stator, which is easy to dissipate heat. Therefore, the permanent magnet brushless DC motor has no commutation spark, no radio interference, long life and reliable operation. Easy maintenance. In addition, its speed is not limited by mechanical commutation. If air bearings or magnetic bearings are used, it can run at hundreds of thousands of revolutions per minute. Permanent magnet brushless DC motors have higher energy density and higher efficiency than other motor systems, and have good application prospects in pure electric vehicles. The permanent magnet brushless DC motor is affected and limited by the permanent magnet material process, which makes the permanent magnet brushless DC motor have a small power range. When the permanent magnet material is subjected to vibration, high temperature and overload current, its magnetic permeability may be degraded. Or demagnetization will occur, which will reduce the performance of the permanent magnet motor. In severe cases, it will damage the motor and must be strictly controlled so that it does not overload. In the constant power mode, the permanent magnet brushless DC motor is complicated to operate and requires a complicated control system, so that the driving system of the permanent magnet brushless DC motor is expensive.
Switched reluctance motor is a new type of motor with many obvious features: its structure is simpler than any other kind of motor. There are no slip rings, windings and permanent magnets on the rotor of the motor, but it is simple on the stator. Concentrated windings, the ends of the windings are short, there is no phase jumper, maintenance and repair is easy, so the reliability is good, the speed can reach 15000 r / min. The efficiency can reach 85%-93%, which is higher than AC induction motor. The switched reluctance motor rotor has no permanent magnets and allows for higher temperature rises. Wide speed range, flexible control, easy to achieve a variety of special requirements of torque-speed characteristics, and maintain high efficiency over a wide range, thus, more suitable for the power performance requirements of pure electric vehicles. However, the control system of the switched reluctance motor is more complicated than the control system of other motors. The position detector is a key component of the switched reluctance motor, and its performance has an important influence on the control operation of the switched reluctance motor. Since the switched reluctance motor is a double salient pole structure, torque ripple is inevitable, and noise is the main disadvantage of the switched reluctance motor. However, recent studies have shown that the noise of switched reluctance motors can be well suppressed by reasonable design, manufacturing and control techniques. In addition, since the output torque of the switched reluctance motor fluctuates greatly, the DC current fluctuation of the power converter is also large, so a large filter capacitor is required on the DC bus. In recent years, switched reluctance motors have been used in pure electric vehicles.
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